In George Dunkel et al. Proposed locations include the Horn of Africa, North Africa, the Eastern Sahara and the Levant. If it is possible to prove that his dictionary was the first Russian text to use the word, we cant of course know his logic, but we know what text he was dealing with. Nobody really says that. Tony Nadens dictionaries imply that fox in Ghanaian English actually means jackal, which would explain a lot: it wasnt that my informant was wrong, but that I misunderstood him. I had believed that ur- as meaning ancient or prototypical was a recent coinage as archaeologists came to recognize Ur as the earliest and prototypical city. Surprisingly to me, Egypt seems relatively unexplored. WebBantu languages are the original hebrew language. The data really do speak for themselves. Though I wouldnt object to having Spanish Spanish voseo as an alternative to whatever the Ustedes version is called, I am in Europe after all and I do have plans to visit Spain much before going back to Latin America. It is exciting evidence of prehistoric interplanetary contact! Thats a bit misleading; the *i is there, as expected, only in the so-called primary stems, while the *r is there in both the secondary and primary stems. Fish just arent all that stable . To me this just sounds like the phylogenetics-speak version of the (as far as Im aware) relatively uncontroversial claim that East Semitic (represented only by Akkadian in their study, though IIRC the other members are fairly sparsely attested) is a sister branch to the entire remainder of Semitic. The evidence seems weakly suggestive, italics in the original. Any cat, however, who jumps on my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least dont get bitten. The rise of state institutions, temple economies, historical writing, in short, civilization, is a hallmark of Sumer and Egypt, c. 3000BCE. By the way, Lameen, youve been paged in the spruik thread. He thus divided Afroasiatic into two major branches, Omotic and Erythraean, with Erythraean consisting of three sub-branches, Cushitic, Chadic-Berber-Egyptian-Semitic-Beja, and Ongota. It probably means that foxes are not everyday familiar animals to the Kusaasi, though. Precisely the opposite. The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic because the grammatical formations to which most linguists have given the greatest weight in classifying languages in the family are either absent or distinctly wobbly (Hayward 1995). Languages online Can I ask how you got there, and how your judgment evolved? Gray & Atkinson come from the molecular side (and it shows), but linguistic datasets are more like morphological ones in that the characters and their states have to be defined, unlike in molecular datasets where the states are observed facts (the bases or the amino acids) and the only hypothesis involved in defining the characters is the alignment (i.e. American Heritage Dictionary I dont even like my present cat, but I cant give her away (nobody wants her) nor send her to a shelter (given peoples stupid superstitions about black cats). preserve noticeable traces of Pre-Semitic and, in Mesopotamia, also of Pre-Sumerian substratum. Bantu is by no manner of means representative of Niger-Congo in this regard: but then Bantu is a sub-branch of a sub-branch of Volta-Congo. We have (then) gained a quantification of which phylogenetic hypothesis, which hypothetical tree, is the most parsimonious. An article on su merced is downloadable here: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=198213. The language spoken by the Bantu people is known as a Bantu language. . Marcel Cohen (1924) rejected the idea of a distinct Hamitic subgroup and included Hausa (a Chadic language) in his comparative Hamito-Semitic vocabulary. A better understanding of languages like Meroitic, attested 2,000 years ago with hundreds of exemplars, but still barely intelligible to us, would seem imperative if were ever going to untangle these issues. [Russian dialect dictionary] No contradition: actually it seems we both think that the situation is complex and deserves a discussion. 2005: From words to dates: water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference? I have a poor knowledge of Korean, and I would be interested if someone who knows more could enlighten me on this point. The original reason for assuming that the Atlantic languages were related to one another and to Volta-Congo was typological: unlike the intervening Mande languages, they have noun classes, and often very productive verb derivation by suffixing (traditionally called verbal extensions.) Unfortunately (as with V-C) a lot of the relevant suffixes appear in numerous different senses, often overlapping, and the total range of phonological shapes in such suffixes is quite small, so finding matches is all too easy if youve a mind to. But the chief practical consequence of this principle is rarely recognized or, if recognized, tends to be worked around rather than confronted and directly dealt with [.] Im starting to wonder whether its Eastern Sudanic. ), porkupine: llygoden logodenn, collective noun logod. (elegant, figuratively) merperson. and (mtcha), Javanese: iwak, ulam (ulam: 1. The Aramaic script gave rise to the writing system of Syriac (ca. (A.E. The view espoused by this author is that children start out the task of acquisition equipped with categorical and semantic distinctions of the type termed by Chomsky substantive as against formal universals, akin to Keenan's (1979) idea of naive or primitive universals (Reilly etal., 2002). No, it is just this page. But speakers and their preferences are the medium where language exists and evolves, no way its evolution can be wholly independent from this:). The three best trees we could find were all very bad, all about equally bad, and each impugned by a quite different set of non-convex characters. Citrus Moon I think it is less stable than many words in 100 word list. Even as Bantu peoples arrived in new areas, their languages rapidly diversified. Yes; thats why I put So here are my comments on the slides: above them. A problem with lexicostatistics on a set of languages which are certainly related, but the sound changes are not always clear, is that the question of whether two forms actually match for lexicostastical purposes or not can be far from objective, and I am very dubious of techniques which purport to get round this. Proto-Mande is certainly doable. If not, how do those relevantly differ from language? The animals accompanying this migration of Cushitic speakers would have been three species of ruminant; cattle, goats and sheep. What helped me is that silly discussion about Meinhof. Otherwise, Id think wed see instead of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan the diversity that we see in the click languages. Because of its low requirements to memory and processor and traffic it was the most popular browser for African mobile phones. The only grocery stores I have shopped at that stocked rabbit have always had it in a small special section, alongside other exotic meats. It is convenient to think that Romans borrowed the idea from Egyptians and others borrowed from Romans: it would explain the current distribution of the form. However, Nawdm is very aberrant lexically overall in the context of the whole Oti-Volta family, whereas Swadesh-style comparison puts Yom comfortably close to Buli/Konni and Western Oti-Volta. The y- could go back to *- (as it does in ygm camel) , which would correspond to Nawdm r-, but the actual Nawdm word for hedgehog is legiila. (Hittite mediopassive -ri seems to be actually droppable, come to that.). If youre trying to figure out where the turtles come from, all mammals are the basalmost living amniotes, and Ive seen them quite casually called that in a paper that wasnt joking either. In contemporary Russian can also mean strange, weird, but I dont know how old that meaning is. What am I missing, and what are you? (b) this relative absence of morphology is a datum in its own right. This corridor is today inhabited by Nilo-Saharan speakers and was also presumably in the past. Arnold Zwickys list of blogs and resources The Ugaritic writing system also differs from other Canaanite scripts to the extent that it does not consist wholly of consonantal characters, but includes in its graphemic inventory three CV syllabic symbols, representing a glottal stop followed by the vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. @PP, yes, the morpheme appears in such words as well, I just couldnt come up with any. Sure there are some patterns but you cant actually rely on any one of them to work in any particular case. But it clearly looks like were finally getting somewhere. As an ideophone for cringing its perfect. oh. I guess, it is when sakana is written as , because it can be written with . Strangely, WOLD has sakana, not uo for Japanese fish. But better. I have the clear impression that, from decade to decade, Kloekhorst tries to read ever more into any spelling variation he can find in Hittite. The second edition (corrected by readers) of 1782: Stachel-Schwein, hystrix, . Language Miniatures To summarize, patients never produce items that would result in nonwords in their language, that is, they omit inflections only if the language permits. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/191569v2.full.pdf. XVIII [Dictionary of 18th-c. Russian] Emmon Bach, Wynn Chao, in Philosophy of Linguistics, 2012. The couple of journal articles Ive read did not inspire me to take on his more comprehensive work.). Trsor de la langue franaise informatis An interesting feature of this Old South Arabian script is that the order of its letters departs from that of Phoenician and the consonantal script of Ugarit. I would agree if pigs were bees, and I were bitten by one. Ive looked. However, either way it looks explicable as assimilation of the *gd cluster (which seems to make more sense anyway than spontaneous g/d fluctuations. Yes, sorry, I should have added a question mark. ), Some excellent comparativists have what I (in my wisdom) think are weird and unsubstantiated ideas about the highest-level groupings, but its often a case of So what if they do? (See my previous remarks about Myers-Briggs ), Its only seriously damaging to progress if they start drawing unwarranted conclusions about the languages in question, and that seems rarely to happen in reality. But piling up small dialects and koine is a bad idea. porpoise (Meerschwein. 180 0 obj <>/Encrypt 169 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8BC4CA9E4FF8FF3D74ED7A59E58D7DD7><44F6F7BCB40CC6429B74FA573A9E1F65>]/Index[168 28]/Info 167 0 R/Length 76/Prev 822652/Root 170 0 R/Size 196/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream And no outflow in the relevant time periods. Separately, the comments about the sizes of fish around the world set me thinking. The Kiowa Apache werent (arent) a mixed group but a band of Apache that joined the Kiowa without abandoning their language. After all, the list was drawn up to work for European languages, For linguists speaking a European language:). Journals that size have hundreds or thousands of (largely unpaid) editors who decide on acceptance & rejection, In some ways, these were a solution looking a problem. [diyyu] This is Very True Indeed. Igor M. Diakonoff (1996) subdivides Afroasiatic in two, grouping Berber, Cushitic, and Semitic together as East-West Afrasian (ESA), and Chadic with Egyptian as North-South Afrasian (NSA). And my experience parallels yours: having first learned historical linguistics through a Romance lens (with some Indo-European), I was quite surprised to realize how little (good) work on (almost all) other language families had been done by comparison, and in the case of some language families the paucity of ANY solid work was enough to make one doubt the validity of the family in question. There are so many fundamental things wrong with this reasoning that one hardly knows where to begin. The idea that greater weight should be attributed to some traits than to others for defining a linguistic area can be illustrated with the borrowed word order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area. Slovopedia (links to Russian dictionaries; sidebar has links to comparable pages for German, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Georgian, and Kazakh) Stable enough that the living fish swims in water has been claimed to be mutually comprehensible between all Uralic languages. (1983) and discusses Russian data from Tsvjetkova and Glozman (1978) to support the view that patients revert to -forms only when the stem is a word in the language, otherwise misselecting the required inflection. Yes, its the only language, unless you count Samaritan Hebrew as a different language, but thats a very long shot. a lot will probably hinge on whether they bother to include Frisian.). As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related, Is it available anywhere? . (His implication that three-term number marking is common in Gur languages is false; there are some forms here and there, which look as if they originated as singulatives in some cases, but thats it; and Welsh has a lot more singulatives than any Gur language I know of, but this is probably not due to Nilo-Saharan influence ). With respect to the number of areal traits necessary to justify a linguistic area, in general, the linguistic areas in which many diffused traits are shared among the languages are considered more strongly established; however, some argue that even one shared trait is enough to define a weak linguistic area. He says, Elderkins paper is perhaps the only attempt to compare Hadza with families other than Khoi-San and was ignored unduly (unlike weaker Hadza-Khoi-San comparisons) because Hadza click (which in the context of AA parallels he can only explain with a clicking substrate). (in English) ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. (although see [my paper] for alternative placements of [3 taxa]) So there you are. It seems their data comes from this one paper. There were a few decades in the early and again the mid-late 20th century when either no branch at all was supposed to have split off first (just a perfect starburst), or Anatolian was supposed to be closer to western branches like Italic (implying a more symmetric tree). All I can find is to throw, e.g., Hebrew . Unsurprisingly. From what we know of hunter-gatherer society, I would be completely unphased if today, we saw a patchwork of surviving languages A1147 and A1254; B2121 and B2131, C3454, C9720, no D, but E5157 and E5159. So perhaps its not so semantically odd after all. Maurice Delafosse (1914) later coined the term Afroasiatic (often now spelled Afro-Asiatic). Theres a good dictionary of Moba, the Gurma language which borders on Kusaal, and noun cognates are easy to find, while verb cognates are surprisingly few. 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