Treaty No. He raised the stem to the heavens, then slowly turned to the north, south, east, and west - presenting the stem at each point. Our Legacy Treaties: Negotiations and Rights, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Typed Transcript of Treaty 6 Text, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Map of Canada in 1876, The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Learn More About Treaty 6 Indigenous Peoples, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Treaty 6. Morris did not understand that Chief Beardy and the Willow Cree declined to negotiate Treaty because it did not follow Beardy's vision, not because of the treaty itself. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Treaty 6 was signed by the commissioners and the head chiefs of the Carlton bands on 23 August 1876. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (Dodson 20). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 6 between the Plains, Wood Cree, Nakota, Saulteaux, and Dene people and the Crown at Fort Carlton on August 23, 1876. One of the requests that Sweet Grass made to the government was to teach the Cree better farming techniques. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. They believed that the land was sacred. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. [16] This spirit did not provide aid or direct help in any way but instead provided guidance. He attempted to take Sweet Grasss pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death. [3] Both Chiefs would work together in multiple raids on the Blackfoot. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [25] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (, ), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile. ) Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. The talks then adjourned, and the Indigenous leaders spoke in council for the next two days. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The group would then move to capture Fort Pit. In order to attract the governments attention, in July 1875, the Cree stopped members of the Geological Survey in North Saskatchewan from moving any farther through their territory. [50] The primary goal of the raid was to get supplies, but it after some pushback from the settlers it quickly became violent. All nations kept the rights to use the land for hunting. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. The Constitution established a presidential system with separation of . Sweet Grass himself killed a Blackfoot Chief who had been using a hollow tree as a shield by shooting through it and piercing his heart. [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. The specific word used was stragglers which gave the impression that the government did not see these people as any more than falling behind in Canada's idealized picture of what life of Indigenous people would be. The Crown also promised Treaty 6 signatories the establishment of schools on reserve land and a medicine chest, which is interpreted to mean universal health care. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. Gov. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. [5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. [39] The unpreparedness or perhaps unwillingness of the Canadian government to deal with the problems of indigenous peoples continued long after the signing of Treaty 6 but it was Sweet Grass firm belief that this was the best way to ensure that indigenous culture survived.[36]. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. With encroaching settlers and other indigenous groups, the dwindling of traditional hunting,[45] and disease rampant,[46] Sweet Grass and his band of Cree were desperate for support. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Mtis, white settlers and surveyors. The Treaty of Waitangi Claudia Orange Google Books. The treaty annuities are annual cash payments distributed by the Government of Canada to the descendants of the Indigenous peoples who signed the RobinsonSuperior and RobinsonHuron treaties and the Numbered Treaties. Recognize Edmonton sits within Treaty No. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. This treaty was called the Great Law of Peace of the People of the Longhouse and predates the year 1450. Chief Vernon Watchmaker Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (Christensen 268). Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. Erasmus and the other two translators translated to the people the terms of the treaty one more time. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. What benefits did the newcomers receive through treaty six? On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. Federal trial and appellate courts . He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. He recounted the important points the Chiefs expressed regarding their physical and cultural survival, recounted the moving speeches of Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis, and the special provisions that they negotiated to be included. [3] There is no record of his father. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. (Stonechild and Waiser 26) Living Sky School Division 509 Pioneer Avenue North Battleford, SK S9A 4A5 Canada office@lskysd.ca Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. If the chief remained silent, the murderer was usually executed by the victim's relatives. Once the amendments were made to the treaty text, negotiations came to a close. Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. This might be because he thought it was obvious that signing the treaty relinquished Indigenous title to the land, or because he did not think that he and his translators could convey the message to them clearly. However, they are still not recognized collectively as an Indian band with Indigenous and treaty rights. According to the notes of the commissions secretary, M.G. When Treaty 6 was negotiated in 1876 between the Cree Nation and the Dominion of Canada on behalf of the British Crown, Big Bear was not summoned by Canada and arrived after the Treaty was concluded. The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. It was due to both Lacombe's understanding of Cree culture and the growing desperation of the Cree, he would be able to convert many of the Cree to the Roman Catholic faith. The Chiefs hired Peter Erasmus, a Mtis, to interpret for them during the proceedings and his role became integral to both sides. Welcome to Archive of European Integration - Archive of European . Please have a look around. The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. In 1862, Sweet Grass accompanied Broken Arm, who was known for his ability to broker peace, along with fifty escorts to finally make peace with the Blackfoot. These included rights that indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. If you need assistance, please contact us directly. Treaties are the law of the land in the relationship between First Nations and the rest of Canada. [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. Trending. The iconography on the commemorative medals for Treaty 6 symbolizes: A.Two sovereign nations making peace and sharing the land forever B.The equality of all peoples under God C.The transfer of land and resources for material goods D.The dominance of the British Crown in negotiations and afterward A Schools were to be established on reserves. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). Why are but was the of treaty waitangi written out. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) (c.1815 on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. The City of Edmonton acknowledges the traditional land on which we reside, is in Treaty Six Territory. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. In addition to rights and provisions similarly enshrined in Treaties 1 to 5, Morris agreed to three terms brought forward by the chiefs that are not found in previous Numbered Treaties. We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. 11 Where was the Treaty 6 of 1876 signed? According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. Some of the Chiefs and their people were hunting on the prairies and the ones that were present wanted to wait for the others while a message was sent for them to attend the meeting. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. On 23 August, the chiefs and commissioners negotiated the terms of the treaty. Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). To cede land (the act of cession) is to give up or surrender the authority to control and own that land. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (, The First Nations were a proud and strong people but were facing an uncertain future. The two messengers, Rev. Who negotiated Treaty 6? Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. Crf. [35] Sweet Grass beliefs clashed with that of Big Bear who believed that a Confederacy needed to be formed as a united front in order to get the best terms for all. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. [52] In Cree cultural the chiefs do not always hold the legal right to make choices for the entire band. Other Nations held them in fear(Stonechild and Waiser 5). The peoples of Treaty 6 also argue that the treaty needs to be interpreted in a modern context. [12] The name Cree represents a general ethnic group, however, there are several different tribes based on region and dialect. Big Bear and Little Pine also believed in the sovereignty of their own Nations and were opposed to the idea of another Nation governing and applying their laws to them. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . They were also concerned about starvation due to the diminishing supply of bison and other large game on which their economy depended. [30] Another was that the government should stop supplying weapons to the Blackfeet who were his tribe's enemy. Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (Stonechild and Waiser 24). Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds would be taken care of, as some had lived amongst them. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Treaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. This made the Plains Cree very nervous and they confronted the surveyors and warned them to stop what they were doing because the government had not met with them to discuss their concerns. Website Development Studio. Website Development Studio. What were the main terms of Treaty 6? Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. According to Erasmus, Mistawasis and Ahtukukoop essentially silenced Pitikwahanapiwiyin and other dissenters. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. The government wanted tribes to become more democratic in its governing of the reserves and rely less on the chiefs who traditionally were the leaders of the community. Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. While the signing of the treaty can be seen as selling away indigenous rights, it did bring much-needed medication and food to the Cree who had insufficient options. 6 territory. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. [3] Upon reporting his sighting back to the others, they decide to kill the man and steal his horses. 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