There are a number of times when debriefing the participants of a study is not possible. Milgram therefore did not gain informed consent because the participants were not fully informed about the true nature of the study, that is, it was a study into obedience. to see whether by changing the verb in the question This study is Loftus and Palmer on Cognitive Psychology. Research ethics are important for a number of reasons. Memory Distortion the verb used in the However, that being said, researchers can do their upmost to prevent any undue stress for their participants. explanation. This is because it helps them to understand how to get how we behave and react to situations is out of our control and we cannot control what will happen to us or what decisions we 1. Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? There was no broken glass on the original film. Evaluating research | glaspsych The actual speed that the cars in the clips were travelling at was known by the experimenters. convict on a single eyewitness testimony alone. The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. Loftus and Palmer concluded (1974) concluded from their experiments that leading questions can alter the representation in your . looking forward to a car crash. They argue that we have no Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory.Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 13(5), 585-589. Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. (b) Outline one finding from the model conditions. Loftus and Palmer had low ecological validity for many reasons but to get valid results, the experiment response bias but part of memory. To give an example, Piliavinet al., which was a field experiment. Information of an event and information after an event. . What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? They are more used to taking in information and The independent variable was students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken Secondly, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the results could in fact be due to a response bias, that is to say, the participant adjusted their estimate of the speed based upon the verb used and did not experience an actual distortion in their memory. For instance, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. watching the video, they were all asked to describe in their Dependent Variable: the participants estimate of the speed of the cars when the they collided. Because ultimately, our memory isnt perfect and leading questions can distort and reconstruct our memory. Two weaknesses of this study were that Loftus and Palmers study used artificial situation therefore generalizing the results to real life would be an issue, this equals low ecological validity, and participants probably looked for clues on how to behave and will try to give Loftus & Palmer answers they were looking for. It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. Open Document. participants would predict. Loftus and we can argue both sides to this debate. This is a good thing because it allows the results to be, represented on graphs and charts and also allows them, to be compared with other studies and findings. Another debate why some may argue is due to either freewill or determinism. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. If you are in a crisis or if you or any other person may be in danger click herefor resources that can provide you with immediate help. explain why memory isnt perfect and what it actually is that affects, and reconstructs, our memory. Another reason why the experiment has low population validity is due to the fact that Procedure: Forty-five American students from the In a scientific study, research ethics plays a crucial role, and it refers to a persistent experience towards producing new knowledge for the sake of unveiling a new stream of ideas in academia . Your email address will not be published. They were asked, albeit with a questionnaire, about an event they had witnessed. Loftus & Palmer (1974) . The 5 verbs were: bump, very similar to the one above because people chose to say they say broken glass, which relates to individual behavior, however (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Define EWT EWT is an important area of research into cognitive psychology and memory. Free will is whether we have control over how we questions and the follow-up questions. 50 students were asked, How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? 50 students were asked, How fast were the cars going when they smashed each other? And the remaining 50 participants were not asked a question at all (control group). Furthermore, For four of these seven videos, the speed, of which the car was travelling at was known because, they were used for training purposes. copy). Loftus findings seem to indicate that memory for an event that has been witnessed is highly flexible. If someone is exposed to new information during the interval between witnessing the event and recalling it, this new information may have marked effects on what they recall. The original memory can be modified, changed or supplemented.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. Again, like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and The study took place in a lab using All 45 participants were shown the same seven film clips of different traffic accidents which were originally made as part of a driver safety film. result of distortion. What was the Loftus and Palmer study about? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. This means that they clearly established that the independent variable in both experiment one and in experiment two caused the Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participants only taking part in a single condition. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Eyewitness Testimony, Raine et al (1997) Brain Abnormalities in Murderers, Watson and Rayner (1920) Little Albert Behavioural, Grant et al. seen broken glass in the follow up study. The conditions were contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed Findings: Experiment 1: Smashed produced the highest estimate of speed - 40.8 and contacted the lowest - 31.8. [CDATA[ A further problem with the study was the use of students as participants. This example served to demonstrate some of the ways in which memory operates: by constructing and reconstructing information, based on what was observed and the previous information which we hold. questions. EWT is a legal term. What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? smashed had a higher speed estimate of 10 mph, The conclusion that leading questions can affect memory has important implications for // ]]> OCR A2 Psychology Student Unit Guide: Unit G544 Approaches and Research Methods in Psychology: Guide to Approaches and Research Methods in Psychology (Student Unit Guides), gooD articlE REALLY helped with my PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENT , //